Calcium homeostasis refers to the regulation and maintenance of calcium levels within the body, which is crucial for various physiological processes including muscle contraction, nerve function, and bone formation. The body tightly controls calcium levels through mechanisms such as absorption in the intestines, storage in bones, and excretion through the kidneys. Imbalances in calcium homeostasis can lead to conditions such as osteoporosis, kidney stones, and muscle cramps. Researchers in this area study the molecular mechanisms involved in calcium regulation, as well as potential treatments for disorders related to calcium imbalance.